What is adduct formation?

An adduct (from the Latin adductus, “drawn toward” alternatively, a contraction of “addition product”) is a product of a direct addition of two or more distinct molecules, resulting in a single reaction product containing all atoms of all components. Adducts often form between Lewis acids and Lewis bases.

What is protein adduct?

Protein adducts are covalent. modifications resulting from reactions between electrophiles and nucleophilic sites in proteins, such as. the N-terminus or the amino acid side chains containing sulfhydryl or amine functionalities.

What is a base adduct?

Lewis acid-base adduct (Lewis acid-base complex): A molecule formed by the bonding of a Lewis acid with a Lewis base, without simultaneous loss of a leaving group. The reaction product is a Lewis acid-Lewis base adduct, because all of the reactant atoms are part of the product; there is no leaving group.

What causes DNA adduct?

DNA adducts are covalent modifications of the DNA that result from exposure to specific carcinogens and thus, the level of DNA adducts in normal cells can serve as a biomarker for a significant exposure to carcinogens.

What is adduct in LC MS?

Adduct ions are prevalent in LC-MS analyses and can come from any number of sources. An adduct ion is any ion formed by adduction of an ionic species to a molecule, and can be present under all modes of ionization (e.g. ESI, APCI etc.) and under different ionization polarities (positive or negative ionization).

How are DNA adducts formed?

Carcinogen-DNA adducts are addition products formed by covalent binding of all or part of a carcinogen molecule to chemical moieties in DNA; adducts are formed when an activated chemical species (electrophilic, positively charged metabolite) binds covalently to negatively charged moieties in DNA.

Is cysteine an amino acid?

Cysteine is a non-essential amino acid important for making protein, and for other metabolic functions. It’s found in beta-keratin. This is the main protein in nails, skin, and hair.

What causes DNA adducts?

DNA adducts are a form of DNA damage caused by covalent attachment of a chemical moiety to DNA. Adducts that are not removed by the cell can cause mutations that may give rise to cancer. They are frequently used as biomarkers for chemical hazard exposure or cancer therapy efficacy.

What are DNA adduct levels?

What are PAH DNA adducts?

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), of which benzo[a]pyrene is a representative member, are combustion-related environmental pollutants and include known carcinogens. Carcinogen-DNA adducts, a measure of procarcinogenic genetic damage, are considered a biomarker of increased cancer risk.